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The direction of an average (mean) vector is called the electrical axis. The overall direction of ventricular depolarization is called the QRS axis. Many novice Read More

Right Axis Deviation – (more than +90 degrees): pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, right bundle branch block, normal for children, high lateral MI Left Axis Read More

Understanding the inner workings of the heart is vital to ECG interpretation and to responding effectively to acute cardiac events. The mechanical aspects of the Read More

The graphical representation of cardiac electrical activity – voltage (mV – y axis) measured over time (x axis). 1. Six Second ECG Guidebook (2012), T Read More

North America uses the AHA standards and Europe follows the IEC. Other regions are mixed. Knowing the standards in your region ensures correct electrode placement. Read More

One of the hormones released by the endocardium is endocardin; a substance that prolongs myocardial contraction. The endocardium releases hormones such as: – endocardin, a Read More

The smooth innermost layer of the heart covers the inner chambers and the cardiac valves. The mechanical structures of the heart include the heart’s layers, Read More

The external layer that covers the heart – also called the visceral layer of the heart; between the visceral layer and the outer parietal layer Read More

The time interval between a heart’s intrinsic impulse and an impulse generated by an artificial pacemaker. 1. Six Second ECG Guidebook (2012), T Barill, p. Read More

A cardiac rhythm that arises when higher – faster – pacemaker sites fail to initiate an impulse; for example, if the SA node fails to Read More