May occur from an overabundance of preloadTechnically the end-diastolic pressure of either the left or right ventricles; simplified as the blood volume supplied to the left or right ventricles; note that the more volume or preload, the greater the myocardial stretch and forceful the contraction; increased..., high afterloadThe pressure that the ventricle (right or left) must overcome to eject blood (i.e. the left ventricle pumps against aortic diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance. The resistance to the ejection of blood by the ventricle is called afterload. The... and/or a damaged left ventricleThe left ventricle ejects blood into the aortic arch to the body. Within the arch, the coronary arteries branch off first followed by three main arteries that branch to the brain (carotids) and the upper thorax (subclavian artery). The chambers...; the overall effect is a backup of blood within the lung vasculature causing fluid to cross into the alveoli.
Normal P waveA wave generated from the depolarization of the atria; the P wave is upright when originating from the SA node. The P wave represents the depolarization of the right and left atria. The P wave begins with the first deviation...: rounded; 0.5-2.5 mm in height; <0.11 seconds in duration; upright in leads I and II
Abnormal P waveA normal wave is typically upright in leads I, II and aVF, and biphasic in lead V1. An abnormal P wave can possess several alternate characteristics including a misshapen P wave (bifid shape), a P wave lasting longer than 115... (AC): peaked, wide or notched; height >2.5 mm; flat
Possible Cardiac Conditions with AC: atrial hypertrophy; congestive heart failure; COPDChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of respiratory diseases that involve structural changes to the lung tissue that impair gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange). Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two of the most common conditions. Table...; valvular disease, hyperkalemiaBlood potassium level higher than normal limits. Table 6.5 Normal and Abnormal Characteristics of ECG Waveforms Table 6.5 provides a non-exhaustive list of cardiac conditions that are associated with a variety of abnormal ECG waveforms. Arriving at a useful interpretation... and hypomagnesemiaBlood magnesium level lower than normal limits. Table 6.5 Normal and Abnormal Characteristics of ECG Waveforms Table 6.5 provides a non-exhaustive list of cardiac conditions that are associated with a variety of abnormal ECG waveforms. Arriving at a useful interpretation...
1. Six Second ECG GuidebookA Practice Guide to Basic and 12 Lead ECG Interpretation, written by Tracy Barill, 2012 Introduction The ability to correctly interpret an electrocardiogram (ECG), be it a simple six second strip or a 12 lead ECG, is a vital skill... (2012), T Barill, p. 154, 194